Country energy profile · Northern Europe · latest data 2025

Estonia energy mix & electricity

In 2025, Estonia generated 6.1 TWh of electricity. Oil is the largest source at 39.1%, ahead of bioenergy (21.8%) and wind power (18.8%).

Oil 39.1%Bioenergy 21.8%Wind 18.8%Solar 18.5%Gas 1.3%

Renewable electricity

59.6%

59.6% low-carbon incl. nuclear

#50 of 158

Carbon intensity

319g/kWh

World 458 g

#65 of 158 cleanest

Electricity per person

4,545kWh

World 3,860 kWh

#54 of 158

Generation

6.1TWh

−4 TWh vs 2015

#122 of 213

Net imports

3.23TWh

35% of demand

#28 of 80 importers

Electricity generation by source in 2025

Share of electricity generation by source, with the change in percentage points over the last ten years.

Estonia electricity mix 2025

Source	TWh	Share	10-yr Δ pp
Oil	2.39	39.1%	−44.9
Bioenergy	1.33	21.8%	+13.7
Wind	1.15	18.8%	+11.8
Solar	1.13	18.5%	+18.5
Gas	0.08	1.3%	+0.7
Hydro	0.03	0.5%	+0.2
Total	6.11	100%

Estonia: electricity in context

In 2025, Estonia generated 6.1 TWh of electricity. That is similar to Moldova. Oil is the largest source at 39.1%, ahead of bioenergy (21.8%) and wind power (18.8%).

The renewable share stood at 59.6%, placing Estonia 50th of 158 ranked countries. This puts it 26 points above the world average of 33.8%. It is also above the average for Europe (41.6%). That beats the EU-27 average of 47.7%. Generating one kWh emits about 319 g CO₂e here (world average: 458 g). That makes the grid somewhat cleaner than the world average. On carbon intensity, Estonia ranks 65th of 158 from the cleanest.

Over the past decade solar power added more generation than any other source (+1.1 TWh since 2015, plus 18.5 percentage points of share). Meanwhile oil lost the most ground, down 6.1 TWh. Taken together, the renewable share rose by 44.2 percentage points over the decade. Total generation shrank by 4 TWh over the same period. Carbon intensity dropped from 573 to 319 g/kWh, a 44% cut.

Coal has never been part of the power mix in Estonia in any meaningful way.

Wind and solar together provided 37.3% of electricity (solar 18.5%, wind 18.8%), compared with 17.3% worldwide. Per person, that is 841 kWh of solar electricity a year, 2.5× the global average. In solar electricity per person, Estonia ranks 20th in the world. Wind adds 856 kWh per person, the 20th-highest figure of 156 countries. Solar first passed 1% of the mix in 2020.

Estonia generates 4,545 kWh of electricity per resident each year, 1.2 times the global average. Imports cover around 35% of demand: Estonia bought 3.2 TWh more electricity than it exported.

How the power mix has changed

Electricity generation by source since 1990. Switch to shares to see the structural shift independent of demand growth.

Electricity generation by source, 1990–2025

Renewables and carbon intensity

Estonia against the world, Europe and EU-27 averages.

Renewable share of electricity (%)

Carbon intensity (g CO₂e/kWh)

Solar and wind share of electricity since 2000 (%)

Total energy: beyond electricity

Primary energy covers transport, heating and industry too. Renewables supply 17.9% of primary energy and fossil fuels 82.1% (2024). Per person, that is 40,986 kWh a year (world: 21,654).

Primary energy consumption by source (TWh)

Substitution method: non-fossil electricity is converted to the primary energy a fossil plant would have needed.

Power plants in Estonia

The WRI Global Power Plant Database lists 17 utility-scale plants in Estonia with a combined capacity of 2.5 GW. Oil plants account for the largest slice (72% of listed capacity). The biggest single plant is Eesti Elektrijaam (1,369 MW, Oil). The database was last updated in 2021, so newer wind and solar farms and rooftop PV are under-represented.

Listed capacity by fuel (MW)

Map of the largest plants loads when you scroll here…

Largest power plants

#	Plant	Fuel	Capacity MW	Commissioned	Owner
1	Eesti Elektrijaam	Oil	1,369	—	—
2	Balti Eleketrijaam	Oil	472	—	—
3	Kiisa AREJ 2	Gas	250	—	—
4	IRU Elektrijaam	Gas	173	—	—
5	Aulepa	Wind	48	2009	Eesti Energia
6	Paldiski	Wind	45	2012	Eesti Energia
7	Narva Ashfield Wind park	Wind	39	2012	Eesti Energia
8	Tooma-Esviere Wind Park	Wind	36	—	Skinest Energia Nejla Energia
9	Aseriaru	Wind	24	2011	Nelja Energia OU
10	Viru Nigula	Wind	24	2007	Nelja Energia OU
11	Pakri	Wind	18	2005	Nelja Energia OU
12	Mali	Wind	12	2014	—
13	Vanakula	Wind	9	2009	Nelja Energia OU
14	Virtsu II	Wind	7	2016	Nejla Energia OU
15	Virtsu III	Wind	7	2010	Nejla Energia OU

Source: WRI Global Power Plant Database v1.3 (CC BY 4.0). Explore all 17 plants on the interactive power plant map.

Solar & wind farms: Estonia

236 utility-scale facilities tracked by Global Energy Monitor (2026): 1 GW of solar and 688 MW of wind operating, plus 16.2 GW under construction or planned.

See them on the map Largest solar & wind farms: Estonia →

How does Estonia compare?

Estonia next to 6 neighbouring countries, plus regional and world averages. Click a column to sort; use “Compare” for full side-by-side charts.

Country	Renewable %	Low-carbon %	Fossil %	gCO₂/kWh	kWh / person	Generation TWh
Estonia	59.6%	59.6%	40.4%	319	4,545	6.1	—
Russia	17.4%	35.7%	64.3%	450	8,283	1,193	Compare
Latvia	73%	73%	27%	139	3,383	6.3	Compare
Lithuania	77.6%	77.6%	22.4%	138	3,141	8.9	Compare
Finland	56.5%	96.3%	3.7%	57	14,635	82.3	Compare
Belarus	4.8%	41.4%	58.6%	309	5,154	46.4	Compare
Sweden	71.2%	98.8%	1.2%	35	16,019	171	Compare
Europe average	41.6%	62%	38%	271	6,203	4,626	Compare
European Union (EU-27) average	47.7%	71.1%	28.9%	210	6,230	2,797	Compare
World average	33.8%	42.6%	57.4%	458	3,860	31,772	Compare

Calculators for Estonia

Solar panel outputHow much a rooftop PV system would produce in Tallinn, using NASA weather data.Prefilled for Tallinn →Wind turbine energyAnnual energy and capacity factor of a turbine near Tallinn.Prefilled for Tallinn →Electricity CO₂Emissions of your electricity use. The grid here averages 319 g/kWh.Calculate emissions →Compare countriesPut Estonia side by side with Russia or up to three others.Open comparator →

Estonia energy: frequently asked questions

What percentage of electricity in Estonia is renewable?

In 2025, 59.6% of the electricity in Estonia came from renewable sources (bioenergy 21.8%, wind 18.8%, and solar 18.5%). The world average is 33.8%. Estonia ranks 50th of 158 countries; see the full ranking.

What is the main source of electricity in Estonia?

Oil is the largest source of electricity in Estonia, providing 39.1% of generation in 2025, followed by bioenergy (21.8%) and wind power (18.8%).

How clean is the electricity in Estonia?

Electricity in Estonia has a carbon intensity of about 319 g CO₂-equivalent per kWh (2025), against a world average of 458 g/kWh. That is moderately carbon-intensive. Charging an electric car that uses 15 kWh/100 km therefore emits around 48 g CO₂e per km from electricity.

Does Estonia have nuclear power?

No. Estonia generated no nuclear electricity in 2025; its low-carbon electricity comes entirely from renewable sources (59.6% of generation).

How much electricity does Estonia use per person?

Estonia generates about 4,545 kWh of electricity per person per year (2025), compared with a world average of 3,860 kWh. Including all fuels for transport, heating and industry, primary energy use is about 40,986 kWh per person.

How much solar power does Estonia produce?

Solar panels produced 1.1 TWh in 2025, 18.5% of the electricity in Estonia. The solar share is up 18.5 percentage points in ten years. You can estimate what a rooftop system would produce at your address with our solar panel calculator.

Does Estonia import electricity?

Yes. Estonia was a net importer in 2025, importing 3.2 TWh more electricity than it exported.

More countries in Europe

Sources & references

Our World in Data: Energy dataset (CC BY 4.0) — compiled from the sources below
Ember: Yearly Electricity Data — generation, shares, carbon intensity
Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy — primary energy, fossil production
U.S. Energy Information Administration: International Energy Data — gap-filling for smaller countries
World Resources Institute: Global Power Plant Database v1.3 (CC BY 4.0) — power plant locations and capacity

Electricity data: Ember and Energy Institute Statistical Review via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0); latest year 2025. Power plants: WRI Global Power Plant Database (CC BY 4.0). Rankings exclude systems under 1 TWh and values older than 2020. Figures may be revised by the original publishers.