Political bloc · latest data 2025 · 27 countries

European Union energy mix & electricity

In 2025, the European Union generated 2.8 PWh of electricity, 9% of the global total. Nuclear power was the largest source (23.3%), followed by wind power (17.1%) and natural gas (16.7%). Renewables supplied 47.7% versus 33.8% globally, and low-carbon sources including nuclear 71.1%.

Nuclear 23.3%Wind 17.1%Gas 16.7%Solar 13.1%Hydro 11.7%Coal 9.2%Bioenergy 5.6%Oil 3.1%

Renewable electricity

47.7%

+17.9 pp in 10 yrs

Low-carbon incl. nuclear

71.1%

Carbon intensity

210g/kWh

World 458 g

Electricity per person

6,230kWh

World 3,860 kWh

Generation

2.8PWh

−73.3 TWh vs 2015

Electricity by source in 2025

European Union electricity mix 2025

Source	TWh	Share	10-yr Δ pp
Nuclear	652	23.3%	−4.1
Wind	479	17.1%	+8
Gas	466	16.7%	+2.9
Solar	367	13.1%	+9.6
Hydro	326	11.7%	0
Coal	257	9.2%	−15.4
Bioenergy	156	5.6%	+0.4
Oil	86	3.1%	−1.4
Other renewables	7	0.2%	0

European Union in context

Since 2015, solar power has grown the most (+267 TWh), followed by wind power (+216 TWh). Coal declined by 448 TWh over the same period. The renewable share rose by 17.9 percentage points over the decade. Average carbon intensity is 210 g CO₂e/kWh, down 138 g from 2015. Coal’s share peaked at 30.5% in 2000 and stands at 9.2% today.

Within this group, Luxembourg has the highest renewable share (91.6%) and Malta the lowest (16%). The three largest producers, France, Germany, and Spain, account for about 49% of all generation in the European Union, so their choices largely set the regional trend.

Electricity generation since 2000

Electricity generation by source

Renewables and carbon intensity

Renewable share of electricity (%)

Carbon intensity (g CO₂e/kWh)

Solar and wind share since 2000 (%)

Primary energy consumption

All energy used across transport, heat, industry and power. Fossil fuels supply 67.6% and renewables 22.3% of the total.

Primary energy by source (TWh, substitution method)

Countries in European Union ranked by renewable share

Sorted by renewable share of electricity; click any column to re-sort. Small systems below 1 TWh are listed here but left out of the world rankings.

#	Country	Renewable %	Low-carbon %	gCO₂/kWh	kWh / person	Generation TWh
1	Luxembourg	91.6%	91.6%	123	2,263	1.5
2	Denmark	91.2%	91.2%	114	5,548	33.3
3	Austria	83.6%	83.6%	117	8,034	73.2
4	Portugal	81%	81%	128	4,911	51.1
5	Lithuania	77.6%	77.6%	138	3,141	8.9
6	Croatia	76.3%	76.3%	159	3,820	14.7
7	Latvia	73%	73%	139	3,383	6.3
8	Sweden	71.2%	98.8%	35	16,019	171
9	Estonia	59.6%	59.6%	319	4,545	6.1
10	Germany	59.1%	59.1%	330	5,953	500
11	Finland	56.5%	96.3%	57	14,635	82.3
12	Spain	55.9%	74.6%	154	6,012	288
13	Netherlands	51.2%	54.2%	254	7,356	135
14	Greece	49.7%	49.7%	315	5,863	58.3
15	Italy	48.8%	48.8%	285	4,475	265
16	Ireland	48.1%	48.1%	257	5,831	31
17	Romania	47%	67.5%	251	2,634	49.8
18	Slovenia	39.6%	78.9%	183	7,010	14.8
19	Belgium	38.9%	72%	150	6,199	72.9
20	Hungary	35.3%	75.3%	163	4,178	40.2
21	Bulgaria	32.8%	71.9%	276	5,653	38
22	Poland	31.5%	31.5%	589	4,543	173
23	Cyprus	27.8%	27.8%	489	4,312	5.9
24	France	26.1%	94.9%	41	8,552	570
25	Slovakia	18.7%	85.2%	95	5,315	29.1
26	Czechia	16.8%	59.2%	401	7,116	75.5
27	Malta	16%	16%	484	4,015	2.2

European Union energy: frequently asked questions

What share of electricity in the European Union is renewable?

47.7% in 2025: wind 17.1%, solar 13.1%, hydro 11.7%, and bioenergy 5.6%.

What is the largest source of electricity in the European Union?

Nuclear power, with 23.3% of generation in 2025.

What is the carbon intensity of electricity in the European Union?

About 210 g CO₂-equivalent per kWh in 2025.

How much electricity is generated per person in the European Union?

About 6,230 kWh per person per year (2025).

How much electricity in the European Union comes from solar and wind?

Solar supplied 13.1% and wind 17.1% in 2025, 30.3% combined, up from 12.7% ten years earlier.

Other regions & groups

World 34%Africa 25%Asia 27%Europe 42%North America 29%South America 77%Oceania 41%High-income countries 31%Upper-middle-income countries 34%Lower-middle-income countries 26%Low-income countries 64%

Sources & references

Our World in Data: Energy dataset (CC BY 4.0) — compiled from the sources below
Ember: Yearly Electricity Data — generation, shares, carbon intensity
Energy Institute: Statistical Review of World Energy — primary energy, fossil production
U.S. Energy Information Administration: International Energy Data — gap-filling for smaller countries